January 15, 2025

Passive Income

Dream of working from the comfort of your home, setting your own hours, and earning a substantial income? Affiliate marketing presents a compelling opportunity to achieve this. It blends entrepreneurial spirit with the flexibility of remote work, offering a path to financial independence for those willing to learn and dedicate the necessary effort. This guide delves into the intricacies of building a successful affiliate marketing business from home, exploring the advantages, challenges, and strategies for long-term success.

We’ll cover everything from identifying lucrative affiliate programs and building a strong online presence to navigating legal and ethical considerations and optimizing your campaigns for maximum ROI. Whether you’re a seasoned marketer or a complete beginner, this comprehensive resource will equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to embark on your work-from-home affiliate marketing journey.

Introduction to Work-From-Home Affiliate Marketing

The allure of working from home, setting your own hours, and potentially earning a substantial income is a powerful draw for many. Affiliate marketing offers a pathway to achieve this, allowing individuals to promote other companies’ products or services and earn a commission on each sale generated through their unique referral links. It presents a flexible and potentially lucrative career option, but it’s crucial to understand both its advantages and disadvantages before diving in.Affiliate marketing’s appeal lies in its accessibility.

No large upfront investment is typically required, and the learning curve, while present, is manageable with dedication and the right resources. The potential for passive income, where you continue to earn even while not actively working, is another significant attraction. This flexibility allows individuals to tailor their work schedule to their personal lives, a significant advantage for those seeking work-life balance.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Affiliate Marketing

The advantages of working from home as an affiliate marketer are numerous. Flexibility in scheduling is a major plus, allowing individuals to work around other commitments. Low startup costs are another significant benefit, requiring minimal initial investment. The potential for high earnings, depending on the niche and marketing skills, is a strong motivator. Furthermore, the ability to work from anywhere with an internet connection offers unparalleled freedom and location independence.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge the disadvantages. Income is not guaranteed, and success requires consistent effort, marketing expertise, and a degree of self-discipline. The initial stages often involve a learning curve, requiring time and effort to build a following and generate sales. Competition can be fierce, requiring creativity and strategic thinking to stand out. Finally, the lack of a fixed salary and benefits necessitates careful financial planning.

Essential Skills for Successful Affiliate Marketing

Success in affiliate marketing requires a blend of skills. Strong marketing knowledge is paramount, including understanding (Search Engine Optimization), social media marketing, email marketing, and paid advertising strategies. Content creation skills are also essential, as you’ll need to create engaging and informative content to attract and retain your audience. A solid understanding of your target audience and their needs is crucial for effective marketing.

Finally, strong analytical skills are necessary to track your performance, identify areas for improvement, and adapt your strategies accordingly. Without a data-driven approach, it’s difficult to optimize your efforts and maximize your earnings.

Comparison of Affiliate Marketing Niches

The choice of niche significantly impacts the difficulty, potential earnings, and required skills. Below is a comparison of several popular niches:

Niche Difficulty Potential Earnings Required Skills
Health & Fitness Medium Medium to High Content writing, , social media marketing, understanding of health and wellness
Finance & Investing High High Strong understanding of finance, excellent writing skills, , building trust and credibility
Technology Medium to High Medium to High Technical knowledge, strong writing and explanation skills, , understanding of tech trends
Travel Medium Medium Excellent writing skills, photography skills (helpful), , knowledge of travel destinations

Finding and Evaluating Affiliate Marketing Programs

Successfully navigating the world of affiliate marketing hinges on choosing the right programs. This involves a thorough evaluation process to identify legitimate opportunities that align with your skills and target audience, ultimately maximizing your earning potential. Careful selection is crucial to avoid scams and wasted effort.

Identifying Legitimate and Profitable Affiliate Programs

Finding profitable affiliate programs requires a strategic approach. Begin by focusing on niches you’re passionate about and knowledgeable in. This passion translates to more engaging content, leading to higher conversion rates. Research trends to identify high-demand products or services within your chosen niche. Look for programs with a proven track record of success, indicated by high conversion rates and positive reviews from other affiliates.

Consider the program’s marketing materials; high-quality, professional resources suggest a reputable company. A strong affiliate program will also offer a variety of marketing tools and resources to support your efforts. For example, a program offering pre-designed banners, email templates, and detailed product information significantly simplifies your promotional tasks.

Researching the Reputation and Trustworthiness of Affiliate Networks

Before joining any affiliate network, thorough due diligence is essential. Check online reviews and forums to gauge the experiences of other affiliates. Look for consistent complaints about late or missed payments, unresponsive support teams, or manipulative marketing practices. Examine the network’s website for transparency regarding its commission structure, payment terms, and affiliate support. A legitimate network will readily provide this information.

Reputable networks often have a strong online presence, with active social media accounts and a well-maintained website. Conversely, networks lacking transparency or with overwhelmingly negative reviews should be avoided. Consider networks with established reputations, such as CJ Affiliate, ShareASale, and ClickBank, as these generally have stricter vetting processes for their merchants.

Commission Structures and Payment Terms

Understanding the commission structure is paramount. Different programs offer varying commission rates (percentage-based or fixed fees), payment thresholds, and payment methods (PayPal, bank transfer, etc.). Prioritize programs offering competitive commission rates that align with your efforts and target audience. Scrutinize the payment terms carefully, paying attention to the payment frequency (weekly, monthly, etc.) and any minimum payout thresholds.

Programs with excessively high payout thresholds or infrequent payments can significantly impact your earnings. For instance, a program offering a 5% commission with a $1000 payout threshold is less attractive than one offering a 3% commission with a $50 payout threshold, particularly for those starting out.

Examples of Successful Affiliate Marketing Programs

Numerous successful affiliate programs span diverse niches. Amazon Associates, a prominent example, allows affiliates to promote a vast array of products, offering competitive commission rates and a wide reach. ClickBank, focusing on digital products, offers various high-ticket items with substantial commission potential. ShareASale, a diverse network, connects affiliates with merchants across various industries, offering flexibility in niche selection.

These are just a few examples; the best program for you depends on your chosen niche and marketing strategy.

Red Flags to Watch Out for When Choosing Affiliate Programs

Before committing to an affiliate program, be aware of several potential red flags.

  • Unrealistic promises of quick riches or guaranteed income.
  • Lack of transparency regarding commission structures or payment terms.
  • Overly aggressive or pushy sales tactics from the program representative.
  • Negative reviews or complaints from other affiliates regarding payment issues or poor support.
  • High upfront fees or membership costs to join the program.
  • A website with poor design or numerous grammatical errors.
  • Difficulty in contacting the program administrator or support team.

Building an Effective Online Presence

A strong online presence is paramount for successful affiliate marketing. Without a platform to showcase your expertise and promote your affiliate products, your efforts will yield minimal results. This section will explore the crucial elements of building a robust online presence to attract your target audience and drive conversions.Building a professional website or blog is foundational to establishing credibility and authority in your niche.

It provides a central hub for all your affiliate marketing activities, allowing you to curate content, showcase products, and build relationships with your audience. A well-designed website, optimized for search engines and user experience, serves as a valuable asset that can generate consistent traffic and revenue over time.

Professional Website or Blog Development

A professional website serves as your digital storefront. It needs to be user-friendly, visually appealing, and easily navigable. Key features include a clear and concise layout, high-quality images, engaging content, and a simple checkout process if you’re selling your own products alongside affiliate offerings. Consider using a website builder like WordPress, Wix, or Squarespace for ease of use and various customization options.

Ensure your website is mobile-responsive, meaning it adapts seamlessly to different screen sizes, as a significant portion of internet traffic originates from mobile devices. Regular updates and fresh content are also essential for keeping your website engaging and relevant.

Driving Traffic to Affiliate Links Through and Social Media Marketing

Driving traffic to your affiliate links requires a multi-faceted approach, primarily leveraging Search Engine Optimization () and social media marketing. involves optimizing your website and content to rank higher in search engine results pages (SERPs). This includes research, on-page optimization (title tags, meta descriptions, header tags), and off-page optimization (link building). Social media marketing, on the other hand, focuses on building a community and engaging with your audience on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.

Consistent posting, engaging content, and targeted advertising can significantly increase traffic and brand awareness.

Sample Social Media Marketing Calendar

A well-structured social media calendar is crucial for maintaining a consistent online presence and promoting affiliate products effectively. This calendar should Artikel your posting schedule, content themes, and target platforms.

Day Platform Content Theme Affiliate Product Promotion
Monday Instagram Product Review Link to affiliate product in bio
Tuesday Facebook Blog Post Share Link to blog post containing affiliate links
Wednesday Twitter Quick Tip/Quote Link to relevant affiliate product
Thursday Pinterest Infographic Link to affiliate product in description
Friday Instagram Behind-the-Scenes No direct product promotion; focus on engagement
Saturday Facebook User-Generated Content Re-share user content featuring affiliate product
Sunday All Platforms Inspirational Quote/Image No direct product promotion; focus on brand building

This is a sample calendar; adjust it based on your niche, audience, and preferred platforms.

Content Marketing Strategies for Affiliate Marketers

Different content marketing strategies cater to various audience preferences and product types. Blog posts provide in-depth information and are ideal for building trust and authority. Videos offer a more engaging and visually appealing approach, perfect for demonstrating products or sharing tutorials. Infographics condense complex information into easily digestible visuals, ideal for quick insights. Short-form videos, popular on platforms like TikTok and Instagram Reels, can generate high engagement through entertaining and informative content.

Choosing the right strategy depends on your target audience and the nature of the affiliate products you promote.

Compelling Calls to Action

Effective calls to action (CTAs) are crucial for driving conversions. Instead of generic phrases, use action-oriented language. Examples include:

“Click here to learn more and get a special discount!”

“Grab your copy now before it’s gone!”

“Shop now and experience the difference!”

“Limited-time offer: Get 20% off with this link!”

These CTAs are concise, persuasive, and clearly indicate the desired action. They create a sense of urgency and highlight the benefits of clicking the affiliate link.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

Successfully navigating the world of affiliate marketing requires a strong understanding of both the legal and ethical responsibilities involved. Ignoring these aspects can lead to serious consequences, including legal action and damage to your reputation. This section will Artikel key legal requirements and ethical best practices to ensure a sustainable and successful affiliate marketing career.

Disclosure Laws in Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketers are legally obligated to clearly disclose their relationships with merchants. This means explicitly stating when you’re recommending a product or service because you’ll receive a commission. Failure to disclose this relationship is deceptive and can lead to penalties. The specific requirements vary by jurisdiction, but generally, disclosures should be prominent, easily noticeable, and unambiguous. For example, using phrases like “affiliate link,” “sponsored post,” or “I earn a commission from this link” are common and effective ways to meet disclosure requirements.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States, and similar regulatory bodies in other countries, provide detailed guidelines on disclosure requirements. These guidelines often emphasize the importance of transparency to protect consumers from misleading advertising practices.

Ethical Practices in Affiliate Marketing

Ethical affiliate marketing prioritizes transparency and honesty. This means recommending only products or services you genuinely believe in and that align with your audience’s needs and interests. Avoiding deceptive marketing tactics is crucial. This includes refraining from using misleading claims, exaggerated promises, or manipulative language to entice clicks or sales. Building trust with your audience is paramount for long-term success, and this trust is built on honesty and integrity.

Ethical considerations extend to respecting your audience’s time and avoiding aggressive sales tactics.

Examples of Unethical Affiliate Marketing Practices

Several practices fall into the unethical category and should be avoided at all costs. One common example is promoting products without fully understanding their functionality or quality. Another is using hidden affiliate links, making it difficult for the audience to identify the promotional nature of the recommendation. Employing deceptive advertising techniques, such as creating fake reviews or testimonials, is another serious ethical breach.

Furthermore, promoting products known to be scams or of poor quality solely for financial gain is highly unethical and potentially illegal. Finally, failing to disclose affiliate relationships, as mentioned previously, is a clear violation of both ethical and legal standards.

Checklist for Legal Compliance in Affiliate Marketing

Establishing a strong foundation of legal compliance is essential for success. Before launching any affiliate marketing campaign, consider the following checklist:

  • Clearly disclose all affiliate relationships in a prominent and easily noticeable manner on your website or social media platforms.
  • Familiarize yourself with the disclosure requirements specific to your location and the platforms you’re using.
  • Only promote products or services you have personally used and believe in, or have thoroughly researched and vetted.
  • Avoid using deceptive or misleading marketing tactics, such as fake reviews or exaggerated claims.
  • Ensure all claims made about the products or services are accurate and verifiable.
  • Maintain accurate records of your affiliate marketing activities, including disclosures and commissions earned.
  • Regularly review and update your disclosure practices to comply with evolving legal and ethical standards.

Tracking and Analyzing Results

Understanding how your affiliate marketing campaigns are performing is crucial for success. Tracking and analyzing your results allows you to identify what’s working, what’s not, and make data-driven decisions to optimize your efforts for higher returns. This involves utilizing various analytics tools and interpreting key performance indicators (KPIs) to refine your strategies.Effective tracking and analysis provides insights into customer behavior, campaign effectiveness, and ultimately, your return on investment (ROI).

By monitoring key metrics and making informed adjustments, you can significantly improve the profitability of your affiliate marketing endeavors.

Analytics Tools for Affiliate Marketing

Several tools are available to track affiliate marketing performance. These tools provide detailed data on various aspects of your campaigns, enabling you to pinpoint areas for improvement. Popular options include Google Analytics, which offers comprehensive website traffic analysis, and dedicated affiliate network dashboards, which provide specific data on clicks, conversions, and earnings from your affiliate links. Many affiliate networks also offer their own tracking mechanisms, providing detailed reports on your performance within their platform.

Choosing the right tool depends on your specific needs and the platforms you’re using. For instance, a small-scale operation might find the built-in analytics of an affiliate network sufficient, while a larger operation might benefit from integrating Google Analytics for a more holistic view of website traffic.

Optimizing Campaigns Based on Data Analysis

Once you have collected data on your campaigns’ performance, you can start to optimize them. This involves analyzing the data to identify trends and patterns, and then making changes to your strategies based on those insights. For example, if you notice a particular product or promotion consistently underperforms, you might consider removing it from your campaigns or revising your promotional strategy.

Conversely, if a specific campaign is generating high conversion rates, you might allocate more resources to it. This iterative process of data analysis and optimization is essential for maximizing your affiliate marketing ROI. A/B testing different creatives, landing pages, or calls to action can also reveal which approaches resonate most effectively with your target audience.

Interpreting Key Metrics

Understanding key metrics is crucial for effective campaign optimization. Two fundamental metrics are:

  • Click-Through Rate (CTR): This measures the percentage of people who click on your affiliate link after seeing it. A higher CTR indicates that your ads or promotions are engaging and attracting clicks. A low CTR might suggest that your targeting is off, your ad copy is weak, or your audience isn’t interested in the product or service you are promoting.

    For example, a CTR of 5% is considered decent, while a CTR of 10% or higher is excellent.

  • Conversion Rate: This measures the percentage of clicks that result in a sale or desired action (e.g., a sign-up). A high conversion rate signifies that your affiliate links are effectively leading to conversions. A low conversion rate might indicate issues with the landing page, the product itself, or the overall customer experience. A conversion rate of 2% is often considered a good starting point, but this varies greatly depending on the industry and the product.

Other important metrics include Earnings Per Click (EPC), Cost Per Acquisition (CPA), and Return on Ad Spend (ROAS), all of which provide a more comprehensive view of your campaign profitability.

Sample Performance Report

Metric Value Analysis
Total Clicks 1000 Indicates good reach.
Click-Through Rate (CTR) 5% Average CTR; could be improved with better targeting.
Conversions 20 Indicates a need to improve the conversion funnel.
Conversion Rate 2% Average conversion rate; optimization needed.
Total Earnings $200 Moderate earnings; potential for growth.
Average Order Value (AOV) $10 Indicates potential for upselling or cross-selling.

Long-Term Strategies and Growth

Building a sustainable and profitable affiliate marketing business requires more than just short-term gains. Long-term success hinges on strategic planning, consistent effort, and a willingness to adapt to the ever-evolving digital landscape. This section Artikels key strategies for scaling your affiliate marketing efforts and achieving lasting income growth.Scaling your affiliate marketing efforts and increasing income involves a multifaceted approach that prioritizes strategic growth over rapid expansion.

This includes carefully analyzing performance data, identifying high-performing campaigns, and strategically reinvesting profits to amplify results. Ignoring this structured approach often leads to unsustainable growth and ultimately, failure.

Diversification of Affiliate Marketing Streams

Diversifying your affiliate marketing streams is crucial for mitigating risk and maximizing earning potential. Relying solely on one product or niche makes your business vulnerable to market fluctuations and algorithm changes. A diversified portfolio, on the other hand, offers resilience and opportunities for consistent income generation. For example, an affiliate marketer focusing solely on weight loss products might experience a significant drop in income if a competitor launches a superior product or if the weight loss niche experiences a sudden decline in popularity.

A diversified approach, however, would see them promoting products in different niches such as fitness equipment, healthy recipes, or mindfulness apps, thereby safeguarding against such vulnerabilities. A diversified portfolio reduces risk and allows for a more stable and predictable income stream.

Examples of Successful Long-Term Affiliate Marketing Strategies

Several successful affiliate marketers have demonstrated the power of long-term strategies. Pat Flynn, for example, built a massive following and substantial income through consistent content creation, focusing on building trust and authority within his niche. His blog, Smart Passive Income, showcases a commitment to long-term value creation over quick wins. Another example is Michelle Schroeder-Gardner, who built a successful affiliate marketing business centered around personal finance and blogging.

Her consistent content and genuine engagement with her audience have fostered a loyal following, resulting in long-term success. These examples highlight the importance of building a strong brand, fostering community, and providing genuine value to your audience as cornerstones of long-term success.

Roadmap for Building a Sustainable and Profitable Affiliate Marketing Business

Building a sustainable and profitable affiliate marketing business requires a well-defined roadmap. This roadmap should encompass several key phases, starting with thorough niche research and market analysis to identify profitable opportunities. The next phase involves building a strong online presence, including a professional website or blog, social media profiles, and engaging content. Continuous optimization of marketing campaigns is critical, utilizing data analytics to identify high-performing strategies and refine underperforming ones.

Finally, reinvesting profits into scaling operations and expanding reach is crucial for sustained growth. This iterative process of planning, execution, analysis, and refinement is essential for building a resilient and profitable affiliate marketing business. This cyclical process ensures continuous improvement and adaptability within the ever-changing online market.

Successfully navigating the world of affiliate marketing from home requires dedication, strategic planning, and a willingness to adapt. By mastering the skills Artikeld in this guide—from identifying profitable niches and building a compelling online presence to tracking results and scaling your efforts—you can position yourself for long-term success. Remember that consistent effort, ethical practices, and a commitment to learning are crucial for building a thriving and sustainable affiliate marketing business.

Embrace the challenges, celebrate the successes, and watch your home-based venture flourish.

Question & Answer Hub

What is the average income for affiliate marketers working from home?

Income varies drastically depending on factors like niche, effort, marketing skills, and program selection. There’s no guaranteed income, but successful marketers can earn significantly.

How long does it take to see results from affiliate marketing?

Results are not immediate. Building a successful affiliate business takes time and consistent effort. It can take several months to a year to see substantial income.

Do I need a website to start affiliate marketing?

While a website is highly recommended for long-term success, you can begin with social media platforms or other online channels initially.

What are some examples of reputable affiliate networks?

Examples include Amazon Associates, ClickBank, ShareASale, and CJ Affiliate. Research each network carefully before joining.

The allure of working from anywhere, setting your own hours, and potentially earning a substantial income draws many to the world of affiliate marketing. But is this entrepreneurial dream a realistic career path, or just another get-rich-quick scheme? This exploration delves into the realities of affiliate marketing, weighing its potential rewards against the inherent challenges and risks.

We’ll examine the various income models, the time commitment required, essential skills needed, and the potential pitfalls to avoid. Ultimately, we aim to provide a balanced perspective, empowering you to make an informed decision about whether affiliate marketing aligns with your career aspirations and personal capabilities.

Building a Sustainable Affiliate Marketing Business

Building a lasting and profitable affiliate marketing business requires more than just picking a few products and hoping for the best. It necessitates a strategic approach focused on audience cultivation, trust-building, and income diversification. This involves consistently delivering value, nurturing relationships, and adapting to the ever-evolving digital landscape.

The core principle is to establish yourself as a reliable source of information and guidance within your niche. This isn’t about aggressive sales tactics; it’s about genuinely helping your audience solve their problems and achieve their goals. By focusing on providing value, you build a loyal following that trusts your recommendations, leading to higher conversion rates and long-term success.

Strategies for Building a Loyal Audience and Fostering Long-Term Relationships

Cultivating a loyal audience is paramount for sustainable affiliate marketing success. This involves consistent engagement, personalized communication, and a genuine interest in your audience’s needs. Building relationships, not just transactions, is key.

  • Consistent Content Creation: Regularly publishing high-quality, relevant content keeps your audience engaged and returning for more. This could be blog posts, videos, social media updates, or podcasts, all tailored to your niche.
  • Community Building: Engage actively with your audience through comments, social media interactions, and email marketing. Respond to questions and feedback promptly and personally.
  • Personalized Communication: Use email marketing to segment your audience and deliver tailored content. This shows you understand their individual needs and interests.
  • Running Contests and Giveaways: These can boost engagement and attract new followers, but ensure they align with your brand and audience.

The Importance of Providing Valuable Content and Building Trust with the Audience

Trust is the bedrock of successful affiliate marketing. Without it, your audience won’t believe your recommendations, no matter how good the product is. Providing valuable content is the most effective way to build this trust.

This involves creating content that educates, entertains, or solves problems for your audience. Focus on providing genuine value, not just pushing products. Transparency is also crucial; clearly disclose your affiliate relationships to maintain ethical practices and build credibility.

For example, a fitness affiliate marketer might create blog posts on workout routines, nutrition advice, and motivational tips, interspersed with affiliate links to relevant products like supplements or workout gear. The focus is on providing valuable fitness information, with product recommendations naturally integrated.

Methods for Diversifying Income Streams within Affiliate Marketing

Relying on a single affiliate program is risky. Diversifying your income streams mitigates this risk and allows for greater earning potential. Exploring multiple avenues increases your overall resilience.

  • Multiple Affiliate Programs: Partner with various brands and programs within your niche to offer a wider range of products and services.
  • Sponsored Posts and Reviews: Collaborate with brands directly for sponsored content, creating opportunities beyond standard affiliate links.
  • Creating and Selling Your Own Products or Services: This complements your affiliate marketing efforts and provides another revenue stream.
  • Affiliate Marketing Courses or Coaching: Share your expertise by creating and selling online courses or coaching programs on affiliate marketing.

A Step-by-Step Plan for Creating and Scaling a Successful Affiliate Marketing Business

Building a successful affiliate marketing business requires a structured approach. This plan Artikels key steps to guide you through the process.

  1. Niche Selection: Choose a profitable niche you’re passionate about and knowledgeable in.
  2. Audience Research: Understand your target audience’s needs, interests, and pain points.
  3. Content Strategy: Develop a content plan that provides value and attracts your target audience.
  4. Platform Selection: Choose the right platform(s) for your content (e.g., blog, YouTube, social media).
  5. Affiliate Program Selection: Partner with reputable affiliate programs that align with your niche and audience.
  6. Content Creation and Promotion: Consistently create high-quality content and promote it effectively.
  7. Analytics and Optimization: Track your results, analyze your data, and optimize your strategies.
  8. Scaling and Diversification: Expand your reach, diversify your income streams, and continuously improve your strategies.

While affiliate marketing offers the enticing promise of financial independence and flexibility, it’s crucial to approach it with realistic expectations and a well-defined strategy. Success requires dedication, consistent effort, and a willingness to adapt to the ever-evolving digital landscape. By understanding the skills required, the potential challenges, and the ethical considerations involved, you can determine if this path is the right fit for your career journey.

The potential for significant rewards exists, but only with diligent planning and execution.

Expert Answers

How much money can I realistically expect to earn?

Earnings vary drastically depending on factors like niche selection, marketing skills, and the time invested. While some earn substantial incomes, many others struggle to generate significant revenue. Expect a slow build-up, and don’t rely on quick riches.

What if my chosen products fail or become unpopular?

Diversifying your affiliate partnerships and product offerings is crucial. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Regularly assess your performance and adapt your strategy accordingly.

How do I find reputable affiliate programs?

Research thoroughly and prioritize programs with established reputations and positive reviews. Look for transparent terms and conditions, and be wary of overly promising schemes.

Do I need a website to start?

While a website provides more control and long-term potential, you can begin with social media marketing or other platforms. However, a website offers greater scalability and brand building.